Papers Complete List

A complete list of Dr. Nicholson's published papers. Those with the PDF symbol can be downloaded and displayed with Adobe Acrobat Reader.

2007 An analysis of West African dynamics using a linerized GCM: Submitted to the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2007. S.E. Nicholson, A.I. Barcilon, and M. Challa.
2007 The relationship of rainfall variability in West Central Africa to sea-surface temperature fluctuations. Interational Journal of Climatology, Vol 27, 1335-1349. N. Balas, S.E. Nichoson, and D. Klotter.
2007 A Jet Streak Circulation associated with a low-altitude jet in the Southern Hemisphere over Africa. Submitted to Montly Weather Review, October 2007. S. E. Nicholson, R. Hart, P. Cunningham
2007 A revised picture of the structure of the "monsoon" and land ITCZ over West Africa. Submitted to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. S.E. Nicholson.
2007 Wave Activity on the Tropical Easterly Jet. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. Vol. 64., S.E. Nicholson A.I. Barcilon, M. Challa, J. Baum.
2005 On the question of "recovery" of the rains in the West African Sahel. Journal of Arid Environments . Vol. 63, 615-641, S.E. Nicholson.
2003: Validation of TRMM and Other Rainfall Estimates with a High-Density Gauge Dataset for West Africa. Part II: Validation of TRMM Rainfall Products. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 1355–1368. S. E. Nicholson, B. Some, J. McCollum, E. Nelkin, D. Klotter, Y. Berte, B. M. Diallo, I. Gaye, G. Kpabeba, O. Ndiaye, J. N. Noukpozounkou, M. M. Tanu, A. Thiam, A. A. Toure and A. K. Traore.
2003: Validation of TRMM and Other Rainfall Estimates with a High-Density Gauge Dataset for West Africa. Part I: Validation of GPCC Rainfall Product and Pre-TRMM Satellite and Blended Products. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 1337–1354. S. E. Nicholson, B. Some, J. McCollum, E. Nelkin, D. Klotter, Y. Berte, B. M. Diallo, I. Gaye, G. Kpabeba, O. Ndiaye, J. N. Noukpozounkou, M. M. Tanu, A. Thiam, A. A. Toure and A. K. Traore.
2003: The Seasonal Evolution of the Atmospheric Circulation over West Africa and Equatorial Africa. Journal of Climate: Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 1013–1030. Sharon E. Nicholson and Jeremy P. Grist.
2003: Comments on “The South Indian Convergence Zone and Interannual Rainfall Variability over Southern Africa” and the Question of ENSO's Influence on Southern Africa. Journal of Climate: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 555–562. Sharon Nicholson.
2002: Interpreting Annual Rainfall from the Levels of Lake Victoria. Journal of Hydrometeorology: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 406–416. Xungang Yin and Sharon E. Nicholson.
2002: Easterly Waves over Africa, Part I: The Seasonal Cycle and contrasts between Wet and Dry Years. Jeremy P. Grist, Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 130. pp 197-211
2002: Easterly Waves over Africa. Part II: Observed and Modeled Contrasts between Wet and Dry Years. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 130, No. 2, pp. 212–225. Jeremy P. Grist, Sharon E. Nicholson and Albert I. Barcilon.
2001: Climate and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries. Climate Research, August 15, Vol 14, 123-144. 2001
2001: A Study of the Dynamic Forces Influencing Rainfall Variability in the West Africa Sahel (with J. P. Grist). Journal of Climate, 14, 1337-1359.
2001: Satellite-Derived Surface Radiation Budget over the African Continent. Part II: Climatologies of the Various Components. (with M.B. Ba and R. Frouin). Journal of Climate, 14, 60-76.
2001: Satellite-Derived Surface Radiation Budget over the African Continent. Part I: Estimation of Downward Solar Irradiance and Albedo. Journal of Climate: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 45–58. Mamoudou B. Ba, Robert Frouin, Sharon E. Nicholson and Gérard Dedieu.
2001: Rainfall Conditions in Equatorial East Africa During the Nineteenth Century as Inferred from the Record ofLake Victoria . (with X. Yin) Climatic Change, 48, 387-398.
2001: The Relationship between El Nino and Drought over Botswana. (with D. Leposo, J. Grist) Journal of Climate, 14, 323-335.
2001: Mesoscale patterns of rainfall, cloudiness and evaporation over the Great Lakes of Africa (S. E. Nicholson and X. Yin). IDEAL Symposium volume, in press.
2001: A semi-quantitative, regional precipitation data set for studying African climates of the nineteenth century, Part I. Overview of the data set. Climatic Change, 50, 317-353.
2001: A conceptual model for understanding rainfall variability in the West African Sahel on interannual and interdecadal time scales (S. E. Nicholson and J. P. Grist ). International Journal of Climatology 21: 1733-1757.
2002: Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Journal of Geophysical Research, 40.
2001: The climatic, paleoclimatic and surface environments of global sources of mineral aerosols (S.E. Nicholson, P. Ginoux and J. M. Prospero). In preparation for Journal of Arid Environments.
2000: Interannual Variability in Rainfall, Water Vapor Flux, and Vertical Motion over West Africa. (with M. Long and D. Entekhabi) Journal of Climate, 13, 3827-3841.
2000: The Nature of Rainfall Variability over Africa on Time-Scales of Decades to Millenia. Global and Planetary Change, 26, 137-138.
2000: The Influence of La Nina on African Rainfall. (with J.C. Selato) International Journal of Climatology, 20, 1761-1776.
2000: Land Surface Processes and Sahel Climate. Reviews of Geophysics, 38, 117-139.
2000: On the Feasiblity of using a Lake Water Balance Model to infer Rainfall: an Example from Lake Victoria. Hyrdological Sciences - Journal, 45, 75-95.
2000: An Analysis of Recent Rainfall Conditions in West Africa, Including the Rainy Seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña Years (with B. Some and B. Kone). Journal of Climate, 13, 2628-2640.
2000: On the diurnal cycle of cloudiness over Lake Victoria and its influence on evaporation from the lake (with X. Yin and M.B. Ba). Hyrdological Sciences - Journal 45, 407-424.
2000: Indices and indicators of climate extremes in Africa . J. African Met. Soc. (L. A. Ogallo, S. J. Mason, S. M. King'uyu, S. E. Nicholson, B. S. Nyenzi, E. Matari, and G. M. Mimmack), in press.
1999: Historical and Modern Fluctuations of Lakes Tanganyika and Rukwa and their Relationship to Rainfall Variability. Climatic Change 41, 53-71.
1999: Variations in the size of the Sahara desert from 1980: to 1997 (C. J. Tucker and S. E. Nicholson). Ambio, 28, No. 2, 587-591.
1999: Response to comment on "The water balance of Lake Victoria ", by J. V. Sutcliffe (S. E. Nicholson and X. Yin). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 44, 836-837.
1999: The Physical-Biotic Interface in Arid and Semi-Arid Systems. In Arid Lands Management - Towards Ecological Sustainability (T. W. Hoekstra and M. Shachak, eds), University of Illinois Press, 31-47.
1999: Arid and Semiarid Land Community Dynamics in a Management Context (with S. Archer, W. MacKay, J. Mott, M. Pando Moreno, M. L. Rosenzweig, N. G. Seligman, N.E. West and J. Williams). In Arid Lands Management - Towards Ecological Sustainability (T. W .Hoekstra and M. Shachak, eds), University of Illinois Press , 48-74.
1999: Sahel Drought in West Africa . Encyclopedia of Global Change (A. S. Goudie, ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, in press.

1998: Analysis of Convective Activity and its Relationship to the Rainfall over the Rift Valley Lakes of East Africa during 1983-90 Using the Meteosat Infrared Channel (with M.B. Ba). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 37, 1250-1264.

1998: Desertification, Drought and Surface Vegetation: An example from the West African Sahel (with C.J. Tucker and M.B. Ba). Bulliten of the American Meteorolgical Society, 79, 816-829.

1998: The Water Balance ofLake Victoria (with X. Yin). Hyrdological Sciences - Journal, 789-811.

1998: Fluctuations of Rift Valley Lakes Malawi and Chilwa During Historical times: A Synthesis of Geological, Archaeological and Historical Information. Environmental Change and Response in East African Lakes, 207-231.

1998: Historical Fluctuations of Lake Victoria and other lakes in the northern Rift Valley of East Africa. Environmental Change and Response in East African Lakes (J. T. Lehman, ed.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 7-35.

1998: Large-scale Saharan-Sahelian vegetation variations from 1980: to 1996 derived from ground precipitation and NOAA satellite data (Tucker, C. J., and S. E. Nicholson). In Drylands: Sustainable use of rangelands into the twenty-first century (V. R. Squires and A. E. Sidahmed, eds.). IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) Series: Technical Reports, Rome , 237-248.

1998: Savanna. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 599-600.

1998: Rain Shadow. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 549.

1998: Sand Dunes. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 587-588.

1998: Desertification. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 183-186.

1998: Deserts. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 186-196.

1998: Desert Hydrology. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 176-183.

1998: Variations of African lakes during the last two centuries (Nicholson, S. E., and X. Yin). InWater resources variability in Africa during the XXth Century (E. Servat, D. Hughes, J.-M;. Fritsch and M. Hulme, eds.), IAHS Press,Wallingford, UK, 181-188.

1998: Interannual and interdecadal variability of rainfall over the African continent during the last two centuries. In Water resources variability in Africa during the XXth Century (E. Servat, D. Hughes, J.-M;. Fritsch and M. Hulme, eds.), IAHS Press,Wallingford, UK, 107-116.

1998: Interannual variability in rainfall, water vapour flux, and vertical motion over West Africa (Long, M., D. Entekhabi, and S.E. Nicholson). InWater resources variability in Africa during the XXth Century (E. Servat, D. Hughes, J.-M;. Fritsch and M. Hulme, eds.), IAHS Press,Wallingford UK, 27-34.

1997: The Relationship of the El-Niño Southern Oscillation to African Rainfall (with J. Kim). International Journal of Climatology, 17, 117-135.

1997: An Analysis of the ENSO Signal in the Tropical Atlantic and Western Indian Oceans. International Journal of Climatology, 17, 345-375.

1997: Correction: An Analysis of the Enso Signal in the Tropical Atlantic and Western Indian Oceans . International Journal of Climatology, 17, 1008

1997: The Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles of Desert Dust overAfrica North of the Equator (with G.N.'Tchayi Mbourou, J.J. Bertrand). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 36, 868-882.

1997: Reduction of bidirectional effects in NOAA-AVHRR data acquired during the HAPEX-Sahel experiment. (with M.B. Ba, G. Dedieu, Y.H. Kerr, J. Lecocq). Journal of Hydology, 188-189, 725-748.

1997: The Mean Surface Water Balance overAfrica and its Interannual Variablility (with J. Kim, M.B. Ba, A.R. Lare). V10, 2981-3002.

1997: A Daily Resolution Evapoclimatonomy Model Applied to Surface Water Balance Calculations at the HAPEX-Sahel supersites (with J.A. Marengo, J. Kim, A.R. Lare,S. Galle , Y.H. Kerr). Journal of Hyrdology 188-189, 946-964.

1997: On the use of NDVI for estimating rainfall fields in the Kalahari of Botswana (J. Grist, S. E. Nicholson, and A. Mpolokang). Journal of Arid Environments, 35, 195-214.

1997: The question of priorities in rainfall information and data: a minority viewpoint?. Land Surface Processes in Hydrology: Trials and Tribulations of Modeling and Measuring (S. Sorooshian, H. V. Gupta, and S. C. Rodda, eds.). NATO ASI Series I 46, Springer-Verlag ,Berlin , 181-182.

1996: Application of Evapoclimatonomy to Monthly Surface Water Balance Calculations at the HAPEX-Sahel Supersites. (With J.A. Marengo, A.R. Lare, B.A. Monteny andS. Galle ) Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 35, No. 4, April 1996

1996: A Revised Version of Lettau's Evapoclimatonly Model. (With J.A. Marengo, P. Santos ) Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 35, No. 4, April 1996

1996: Rainfall in theSahel during 1994 (with M.B. Ba and J.Y. Kim) Journal of Climate, 9, July, 1673-1676.

1996: Environmental Change within the Historical Period. The Physical Geography ofAfrica (A.S. Goudie, W.M. Adams and A. Orme, eds.),Oxford University Press, Oxford , 60-75.

1996: Savanna Climate. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (S.H. Schneider, ed.), Simon Schuster, New York , 657-660.

1996:Africa . Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (S.H. Schneider, ed.), Simon Schuster, New York , 13-19.

1996: Desertification. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (S.H. Schneider, ed.), Simon Schuster, New York , 239-242.

1996: A review of climate dynamics and climate variability in easternAfrica . The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes (T.C. Johnson and E. Odada, eds.), Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam , 25-56.

1995: Satellite-derived Interannual Variability of West African Rainfall 1983-88. Journal of Applied Meteorology (with M.B. Ba, R. Frouin), 34, 411-431.
1995: Sahel ,West Africa . Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology, V3, 261-275.
1995: Variability of African rainfall on interannual and decadal time scales. Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales (Climate Research Committee, eds.),National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 32-43.

1994: Recent rainfall fluctuations inAfrica and their relationship to past conditions over the continent. The Holocene 4, 2, 121-131.
1994: The influence of Soil Type on the Relationships between NDVI, Rainfall, and Soil Moisture in Semiarid Botswana. I. NDVI Response to Rainfall (with T.J. Farrar). Remote Sens. Environ. 50, 107-120.
1994: Contrasting Conditions of Surface Water Balance in Wet Years and Dry Years as a Possible Land Surface-Atmosphere Feedback Mechanism in the West African Sahel (with A.R. Lare). Journal of Climate, V7, 5, 654-668.
1994: The influence of soil type on the relationships between NDVI, rainfall and soil moisture in semi-aridBotswana . Part II. Response to soil moisture Remote Sensing of Environment (T.J. Farrar, S.E. Nicholson and A.R. Lare), 50, 121-133.
1994: On the Use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index as an Indicator of Rainfall. Global Precipitations and Climate Change (M. Dubois and F. Desalmand, eds.), Springer Verlag, NATO ASI Series 1, 26, 293-306.
1994: What is a Desert? The Illustrated Library of the Earth: Deserts (M.K. Seely, ed.), Weldon Owen, Sydney , 14-25.

1993: An Overview of African Rainfall Fluctuations of the Last Decade. Journal of Climate, V6, 7. 1463-1466.
1993: On the relation between rainfall and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for diverse vegetation types inEast Africa (with M.L. Davenport). Int. Journal of Remote Sensing, V14, 12, 2369-2389.
1993: A Re-Evaluation of Rainfall Variability in theSahel .Part I. Characteristics of Rainfall Fluctuations. (with I.M. Palao). Int. Journal os Climatology, 13, 371-389.
1992: Synergistic use of multispectral satellite data for monitoring of arid lands. TERRA-1: Understanding the Terrestrial Environment. The Role of Earth Observations from Space (P. M. Mather, ed.), Taylor and Francis, London , 67-76 (B.J. Choudhury and S. E. Nicholson).

1991: Prediction of trace gas emissions and their climatic impacts: some geographical considerations. Terrestrial Biosphere Exchange With Global Atmospheric Chemistry. Report on the SCOPE/IGBP Workshop on Trace Gas Exchange in a Global Perspective, Sigtuna , Sweden , February 1990 (P.A. Matson and D.S. Ojima, eds.) IGBP Report No. 13, in press (also appears as a Journal Article).

1990: A study of rainfall and vegetation dynamics in the African Sahel using normalized difference vegetation index (with A.R. Malo). Journal of Arid Environments, 19, 1-24.
1990: A Comparison of the Vegetation Response to Rainfall in the Sahel and East Africa, Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from NOAA AVHRR (with M.L. Davenport, A.R. Malo) Climatic Change 17, 209-241.
1990: A climatonomic description of the surface energy balance in the centralSahel . Part I. Shortwave radiation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 29, 123-137 (A.R. Lare and S.E. Nicholson).
1990: A climatonomic description of the surface energy balance in the centralSahel . Part II. The evapoclimatonomy submodel. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 29, 138-146 (S.E. Nicholson and A.R. Lare).
1990: Temporal and spatial variability of SSTs in the tropicalAtlantic and Indian Oceans . Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology, Series A, 42, 1-17 (S.E. Nicholson and B.S. Nyenzi).

1989: Remote Sensing of Land Surface Parameters of Relevance to Climate Studies, Progress in Physical Geography, 13, 1, 1-12.
1989: Long-term changes in African rainfall. Weather 44, 2, 47-56.
1989: The relationship betweenCalifornia rainfall and ENSO events. Journal of Climate, 2, 1258-1269 (T. Schonher and S. E. Nicholson).
1989: African Drought: Characteristics, Causal Theories and Global Teleconnections. Understanding Climate Change (A. Berger, R.E. Dickinson and J.W. Kidson, ed.), American GeophysicalUnion , Washington, D.C., 79-100.

1988: Land Surface Atmosphere Interaction: Physical processes and Surface Changes and their Impact. Progress in Physical Geography, 12, 1, 36-65.
1988: Reply to L. Druyan, Comments on "Rainfall Variability in Equatorial andSouthern Africa : Relationships with SSTs Along the Southwestern Coast ofAfrica ." Journal of Climate, 1, 570 (S.E. Nicholson and D. Entekhabi).

1987: Rainfall variability in Equatorial and Southern Africa: relationships with sea-surface temperatures along the southwestern coast of Africa, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 26, 561-578 (S.E. Nicholson and D. Entekhabi).

1986: The Quasi-Periodic Behavior of Rainfall Variability inAfrica and its Relationship to theSouthern Oscillation (with D. Entekhabi). Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics, and Bioclimatology, 34, 311-348.
1986: The spatial coherence of African rainfall anomalies: Interhemispheric teleconnections. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 25, 1365-1381.
1986: The nature of rainfall variability inAfrica south of the equator. Journal of Climatology, 6, 515-530.
1986: Climate, Drought, and Famine inAfrica . Food in Sub-SaharanAfrica (A. Hansen and D.E. McMillan, ed.), Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., Boulder , Colorado , 107-128.

1985: Sub-Saharan rainfall 1981: - 1984:. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 24, 1388-1391.

1983: Sub-Saharan Rainfall in the Years 1976-1980: Evidence of Continued Drought. Monthly Weather Review, 111, 8, 1646-1654.
1983: Recent Rainfall Fluctuations inAfrica interhemispheric teleconnections. Variations in the Global Water Budget (A. Street-Perrott, M. Beran, R. Ratcliffe, eds.), Reidel, Dordrecht , 221-238 (S.E. Nicholson and R.M. Chervin).

1982: Pleistocene and Holocene climates inAfrica . Nature, 296, 779.

1981: Rainfall and atmospheric circulation during drought periods and wetter years inWest Africa . Monthly Weather Review, 109, 2191-2208.
1981: The Historical Climatology ofAfrica . Climate and History (T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, G. Farmer, eds.), Cambridge Press, 249-270.
1980: African Environmental and Climatic Changes and the General Atmospheric Circulation in Late Pleistocene and Holocene (with H. Flohn). Climatic Change, 2, 313-348.
1980: The nature of rainfall fluctuations in subtropicalWest Africa . Monthly Weather Review, 108, 473-487.
1980: Saharan Climates in Historic Times. TheSahara and theNile (M.A.J. Williams and H. Faure, eds.), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam , p. 173-200.
1979: The methodology of historical climate reconstruction and its application toAfrica . Journal of African History, 20, No. 1, 31-49.
1979: Revised rainfall series for the West African subtropics. Monthly Weather Review, 107, 620-623.
1979: Statistical typing of rainfall anomalies in sub-SaharanAfrica . Erdkunde, 33, 95-103.
1978: Climatic variations in theSahel and other African regions during the past five centuries. Journal of Arid Environments, 1, 3-24.
1978: Drought vs. Desertification: the case of theSahel . Social and Technological Management of Dry Lands (N. Gonzalez, ed.), Westview Press, Boulder , 187-192.
1975: A pollution model for street-level air. Atmospheric Environment, 9, 19-31.

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This site was last updated 11/21/07

A complete list of Dr. Nicholson's published papers. Those with the PDF symbol can be downloaded and displayed with Adobe Acrobat Reader.

2007 An analysis of West African dynamics using a linerized GCM: Submitted to the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2007. S.E. Nicholson, A.I. Barcilon, and M. Challa.

2007 The relationship of rainfall variability in West Central Africa to sea-surface temperature fluctuations. Interational Journal of Climatology, Vol 27, 1335-1349. N. Balas, S.E. Nichoson, and D. Klotter.

2007 A Jet Streak Circulation associated with a low-altitude jet in the Southern Hemisphere over Africa. Submitted to Montly Weather Review, October 2007. S. E. Nicholson, R. Hart, P. Cunningham

2007 A revised picture of the structure of the "monsoon" and land ITCZ over West Africa. Submitted to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. S.E. Nicholson.

2007 Wave Activity on the Tropical Easterly Jet. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. Vol. 64., S.E. Nicholson A.I. Barcilon, M. Challa, J. Baum.

2005 On the question of "recovery" of the rains in the West African Sahel. Journal of Arid Environments . Vol. 63, 615-641, S.E. Nicholson.

2003: The Seasonal Evolution of the Atmospheric Circulation over West Africa and Equatorial Africa. Journal of Climate: Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 1013–1030. Sharon E. Nicholson and Jeremy P. Grist.

2003: Comments on “The South Indian Convergence Zone and Interannual Rainfall Variability over Southern Africa” and the Question of ENSO's Influence on Southern Africa. Journal of Climate: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 555–562. Sharon Nicholson.

2002: Interpreting Annual Rainfall from the Levels of Lake Victoria. Journal of Hydrometeorology: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 406–416. Xungang Yin and Sharon E. Nicholson.

2002: Easterly Waves over Africa, Part I: The Seasonal Cycle and contrasts between Wet and Dry Years. Jeremy P. Grist, Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 130. pp 197-211

2002: Easterly Waves over Africa. Part II: Observed and Modeled Contrasts between Wet and Dry Years. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 130, No. 2, pp. 212–225. Jeremy P. Grist, Sharon E. Nicholson and Albert I. Barcilon.

2001: Climate and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries. Climate Research, August 15, Vol 14, 123-144. 2001

2001: A Study of the Dynamic Forces Influencing Rainfall Variability in the West Africa Sahel (with J. P. Grist). Journal of Climate, 14, 1337-1359.

2001: Satellite-Derived Surface Radiation Budget over the African Continent. Part II: Climatologies of the Various Components. (with M.B. Ba and R. Frouin). Journal of Climate, 14, 60-76.

2001: Satellite-Derived Surface Radiation Budget over the African Continent. Part I: Estimation of Downward Solar Irradiance and Albedo. Journal of Climate: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 45–58. Mamoudou B. Ba, Robert Frouin, Sharon E. Nicholson and Gérard Dedieu.

2001: Rainfall Conditions in Equatorial East Africa During the Nineteenth Century as Inferred from the Record ofLake Victoria . (with X. Yin) Climatic Change, 48, 387-398.

2001: The Relationship between El Nino and Drought over Botswana. (with D. Leposo, J. Grist) Journal of Climate, 14, 323-335.

2001: Mesoscale patterns of rainfall, cloudiness and evaporation over the Great Lakes of Africa (S. E. Nicholson and X. Yin). IDEAL Symposium volume, in press.

2001: A semi-quantitative, regional precipitation data set for studying African climates of the nineteenth century, Part I. Overview of the data set. Climatic Change, 50, 317-353.

2001: A conceptual model for understanding rainfall variability in the West African Sahel on interannual and interdecadal time scales (S. E. Nicholson and J. P. Grist ). International Journal of Climatology 21: 1733-1757.

2002: Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Journal of Geophysical Research, 40.

2001: The climatic, paleoclimatic and surface environments of global sources of mineral aerosols (S.E. Nicholson, P. Ginoux and J. M. Prospero). In preparation for Journal of Arid Environments.

2000: Interannual Variability in Rainfall, Water Vapor Flux, and Vertical Motion over West Africa. (with M. Long and D. Entekhabi) Journal of Climate, 13, 3827-3841.

2000: The Nature of Rainfall Variability over Africa on Time-Scales of Decades to Millenia. Global and Planetary Change, 26, 137-138.

2000: The Influence of La Nina on African Rainfall. (with J.C. Selato) International Journal of Climatology, 20, 1761-1776.

2000: Land Surface Processes and Sahel Climate. Reviews of Geophysics, 38, 117-139.

2000: On the Feasiblity of using a Lake Water Balance Model to infer Rainfall: an Example from Lake Victoria. Hyrdological Sciences - Journal, 45, 75-95.

2000: An Analysis of Recent Rainfall Conditions in West Africa, Including the Rainy Seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña Years (with B. Some and B. Kone). Journal of Climate, 13, 2628-2640.

2000: On the diurnal cycle of cloudiness over Lake Victoria and its influence on evaporation from the lake (with X. Yin and M.B. Ba). Hyrdological Sciences - Journal 45, 407-424.

2000: Indices and indicators of climate extremes in Africa . J. African Met. Soc. (L. A. Ogallo, S. J. Mason, S. M. King'uyu, S. E. Nicholson, B. S. Nyenzi, E. Matari, and G. M. Mimmack), in press.

1999: Historical and Modern Fluctuations of Lakes Tanganyika and Rukwa and their Relationship to Rainfall Variability. Climatic Change 41, 53-71.

1999: Variations in the size of the Sahara desert from 1980: to 1997 (C. J. Tucker and S. E. Nicholson). Ambio, 28, No. 2, 587-591.

1999: Response to comment on "The water balance of Lake Victoria ", by J. V. Sutcliffe (S. E. Nicholson and X. Yin). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 44, 836-837.

1999: The Physical-Biotic Interface in Arid and Semi-Arid Systems. In Arid Lands Management - Towards Ecological Sustainability (T. W. Hoekstra and M. Shachak, eds), University of Illinois Press, 31-47.

1999: Sahel Drought in West Africa . Encyclopedia of Global Change (A. S. Goudie, ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, in press.

1998: Analysis of Convective Activity and its Relationship to the Rainfall over the Rift Valley Lakes of East Africa during 1983-90 Using the Meteosat Infrared Channel (with M.B. Ba). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 37, 1250-1264.

1998: Desertification, Drought and Surface Vegetation: An example from the West African Sahel (with C.J. Tucker and M.B. Ba). Bulliten of the American Meteorolgical Society, 79, 816-829.

1998: The Water Balance ofLake Victoria (with X. Yin). Hyrdological Sciences - Journal, 789-811.

1998: Fluctuations of Rift Valley Lakes Malawi and Chilwa During Historical times: A Synthesis of Geological, Archaeological and Historical Information. Environmental Change and Response in East African Lakes, 207-231.

1998: Historical Fluctuations of Lake Victoria and other lakes in the northern Rift Valley of East Africa. Environmental Change and Response in East African Lakes (J. T. Lehman, ed.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 7-35.

1998: Savanna. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 599-600.

1998: Rain Shadow. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 549.

1998: Sand Dunes. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 587-588.

1998: Desertification. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 183-186.

1998: Deserts. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 186-196.

1998: Desert Hydrology. Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources (R. Herschy and R. W. Fairbridge, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht , 176-183.

1998: Variations of African lakes during the last two centuries (Nicholson, S. E., and X. Yin). InWater resources variability in Africa during the XXth Century (E. Servat, D. Hughes, J.-M;. Fritsch and M. Hulme, eds.), IAHS Press,Wallingford, UK, 181-188.

1998: Interannual and interdecadal variability of rainfall over the African continent during the last two centuries. In Water resources variability in Africa during the XXth Century (E. Servat, D. Hughes, J.-M;. Fritsch and M. Hulme, eds.), IAHS Press,Wallingford, UK, 107-116.

1997: The Relationship of the El-Niño Southern Oscillation to African Rainfall (with J. Kim). International Journal of Climatology, 17, 117-135.

1997: An Analysis of the ENSO Signal in the Tropical Atlantic and Western Indian Oceans. International Journal of Climatology, 17, 345-375.

1997: Correction: An Analysis of the Enso Signal in the Tropical Atlantic and Western Indian Oceans . International Journal of Climatology, 17, 1008

1997: The Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles of Desert Dust overAfrica North of the Equator (with G.N.'Tchayi Mbourou, J.J. Bertrand). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 36, 868-882.

1997: Reduction of bidirectional effects in NOAA-AVHRR data acquired during the HAPEX-Sahel experiment. (with M.B. Ba, G. Dedieu, Y.H. Kerr, J. Lecocq). Journal of Hydology, 188-189, 725-748.

1997: The Mean Surface Water Balance overAfrica and its Interannual Variablility (with J. Kim, M.B. Ba, A.R. Lare). V10, 2981-3002.

1997: A Daily Resolution Evapoclimatonomy Model Applied to Surface Water Balance Calculations at the HAPEX-Sahel supersites (with J.A. Marengo, J. Kim, A.R. Lare,S. Galle , Y.H. Kerr). Journal of Hyrdology 188-189, 946-964.

1997: On the use of NDVI for estimating rainfall fields in the Kalahari of Botswana (J. Grist, S. E. Nicholson, and A. Mpolokang). Journal of Arid Environments, 35, 195-214.

1997: The question of priorities in rainfall information and data: a minority viewpoint?. Land Surface Processes in Hydrology: Trials and Tribulations of Modeling and Measuring (S. Sorooshian, H. V. Gupta, and S. C. Rodda, eds.). NATO ASI Series I 46, Springer-Verlag ,Berlin , 181-182.

1996: Application of Evapoclimatonomy to Monthly Surface Water Balance Calculations at the HAPEX-Sahel Supersites. (With J.A. Marengo, A.R. Lare, B.A. Monteny andS. Galle ) Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 35, No. 4, April 1996

1996: A Revised Version of Lettau's Evapoclimatonly Model. (With J.A. Marengo, P. Santos ) Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 35, No. 4, April 1996

1996: Rainfall in theSahel during 1994 (with M.B. Ba and J.Y. Kim) Journal of Climate, 9, July, 1673-1676.

1996: Environmental Change within the Historical Period. The Physical Geography ofAfrica (A.S. Goudie, W.M. Adams and A. Orme, eds.),Oxford University Press, Oxford , 60-75.

1996: Savanna Climate. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (S.H. Schneider, ed.), Simon Schuster, New York , 657-660.

1996:Africa . Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (S.H. Schneider, ed.), Simon Schuster, New York , 13-19.

1996: Desertification. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (S.H. Schneider, ed.), Simon Schuster, New York , 239-242.

1996: A review of climate dynamics and climate variability in easternAfrica . The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes (T.C. Johnson and E. Odada, eds.), Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam , 25-56.

1995: Satellite-derived Interannual Variability of West African Rainfall 1983-88. Journal of Applied Meteorology (with M.B. Ba, R. Frouin), 34, 411-431.

1995: Sahel ,West Africa . Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology, V3, 261-275.

1995: Variability of African rainfall on interannual and decadal time scales. Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales (Climate Research Committee, eds.),National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 32-43.

1994: Recent rainfall fluctuations inAfrica and their relationship to past conditions over the continent. The Holocene 4, 2, 121-131.

1994: The influence of Soil Type on the Relationships between NDVI, Rainfall, and Soil Moisture in Semiarid Botswana. I. NDVI Response to Rainfall (with T.J. Farrar). Remote Sens. Environ. 50, 107-120.

1994: Contrasting Conditions of Surface Water Balance in Wet Years and Dry Years as a Possible Land Surface-Atmosphere Feedback Mechanism in the West African Sahel (with A.R. Lare). Journal of Climate, V7, 5, 654-668.

1994: The influence of soil type on the relationships between NDVI, rainfall and soil moisture in semi-aridBotswana . Part II. Response to soil moisture Remote Sensing of Environment (T.J. Farrar, S.E. Nicholson and A.R. Lare), 50, 121-133.

1994: On the Use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index as an Indicator of Rainfall. Global Precipitations and Climate Change (M. Dubois and F. Desalmand, eds.), Springer Verlag, NATO ASI Series 1, 26, 293-306.

1994: What is a Desert? The Illustrated Library of the Earth: Deserts (M.K. Seely, ed.), Weldon Owen, Sydney , 14-25.

1993: An Overview of African Rainfall Fluctuations of the Last Decade. Journal of Climate, V6, 7. 1463-1466.

1993: On the relation between rainfall and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for diverse vegetation types inEast Africa (with M.L. Davenport). Int. Journal of Remote Sensing, V14, 12, 2369-2389.

1993: A Re-Evaluation of Rainfall Variability in theSahel .Part I. Characteristics of Rainfall Fluctuations. (with I.M. Palao). Int. Journal os Climatology, 13, 371-389.

1992: Synergistic use of multispectral satellite data for monitoring of arid lands. TERRA-1: Understanding the Terrestrial Environment. The Role of Earth Observations from Space (P. M. Mather, ed.), Taylor and Francis, London , 67-76 (B.J. Choudhury and S. E. Nicholson).

1990: A study of rainfall and vegetation dynamics in the African Sahel using normalized difference vegetation index (with A.R. Malo). Journal of Arid Environments, 19, 1-24.